Operationalising resilience for ecosystem management. We hope that a focus on resilience rather than shortterm delivery of ecosystem functions and services, and the consideration of specific underpinning mechanisms, will help to join the research areas of biodiversityecosystem function and ecological resilience and ultimately aid the development of evidencebased yet flexible ecosystem management. Building climate change resilience through water management and ecosystems. Introduction the concept of resilience in ecological systems was introduced by c. Cbd biodiversity and ecosystem services november 2015 biodiversity and ecosystem services. The contribution of ecosystem services to human resilience iii summary ecosystem services es are the benefits provided by ecosystems that contribute to making human life possible and worth living ma, 2005. Protecting and enhancing the resilience of ecosystems u. Ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience, and resilience of ecosystem management policy, in socialecological resilience and law 204 columbia university press, ahjond s. Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity.
A regime is a persistent organization of mutually reinforcing structures and processes. Legitimacy, adaptation, and resilience in ecosystem management. Active adaptive management and governance of resilience will be required to sustain desired ecosystem states and transform degraded ecosystems into fundamentally new and more desirable configurations. Carl folke, steve carpenter, brian walker, marten scheffer, thomas elmqvist, lance gunderson and c. The contribution of ecosystem services to human resilience. Consider the ways in which monmouthshire county council can influence biodiversity and ecosystem resilience when exercising its functions as a public authority. The role of biodiversity and ecosystem services in carbon. Across the globe, conservation efforts have not managed to alleviate biodiversity loss, and this will ultimately impact many functions delivered by ecosystems 2, 3. Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem. Active adaptive management and governance of resilience will be required to sustain desired ecosystem states and transform degraded ecosystems into. This chapter addresses resilience and its relationship to ecosystem services. Pdf regime shifts, resilience and biodiversity in ecosystem. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem.
For the management of ecosystem resilience to maintain target ecosystem functions and services in a given ecosystem, it is therefore critical to explore underlying factors that determine response. In addition, as ecosystems pass tipping points to new domains, their capacity to deliver ecosystem services important to people may change. While these changes are often gradual, in some cases they can lead to regime shifts. Regime shifts and panarchies in regional scale socialecological water. Understanding regime shifts has profound implications for ecosystem recovery and management. Climate change manifests itself primarily through changes in the water cycle. Allen eds, 2014, vanderbilt public law research paper no.
Background to ecosystem resilience resilience is a term widely used across the public and private sectors. Chinas coastal ecosystems have experienced substantial deterioration within the past decades, at a scale and speed the world has never seen before. Commission members established the iucn cem resilience thematic group to clarify the concept of resilience with respect to simple and complex systems in operational terms, and to demonstrate the value of tools for resiliencebased natural resource stewardship, disaster risk reduction and ecosystembased adaptation. The concept of es and the benefits these flows bring to humans is a burgeoning area of research.
Declining resilience of ecosystem functions under biodiversity loss tom h. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management authors. The relationship between forest biodiversity, ecosystem. Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale garry d. Resilience is an emergent ecosystem property resilience of a forest is a function of biodiversity at all scales. We envisage that our findings will contribute towards an ecosystem approach to fisheries management in the mediterranean sea, and promote. To aid 47 environmental management in the face of conflicting land use pressures, there is an urgent 48 need to quantify and predict the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem. Below we further frame these issues for forest aquatic ecosystems. Overview of resilience of biodiversity australia state. Regime shifts a global challenge for the sustainable use of our. Firm size diversity, functional richness and resilience. Regime shifts, resilience and biodiversity in ecosystem.
Trustbuilding, knowledge generation and organizational innovations. Biodiversity stabilizes ecosystem productivity over time9,1423. Ecosystem services, ecosystem resilience, and resilience. Pdf regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem. Yet, information about this coastal ecosystem change from a dynamics perspective is quite limited. Ecosystems are subject to natural disturbances such as fires, floods, droughts, and disease outbreaks, as well as human. To aid environmental management in the face of conflicting landuse pressures, there is an urgent need to quantify and predict the spatial and temporal distribution of ecosystem functions and services. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. As climate changes, droughts, floods, melting glaciers, storms and sealevel rise intensify or alter, often with severe consequences. Resilience and ecosystem services an ecosystem services. Regime shifts in ecosystems are increasingly common as a consequence of human activities that erode resilience, for example, through resource exploitation, pollution, landuse change, possible climatic impact and altered disturbance regimes. Biodiversity underpins most forest eco system goods and. A risk management approach advancing knowledge, shaping policy, inspiring practice.
We suggest ten guiding principles to help maintain biodiversity, ecosystem function, and resilience. The approach exemplified here for the mediterranean sea, revealing previously unknown resilience dynamics driven by climate forcing, can elucidate resilience and shifts in. Pdf regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in. Quantifying resilience of multiple ecosystem services and. Biodiversity, ecosystem thresholds, resilience and forest degradation. Walker and marten scheffer and thomas elmqvist and lance gunderson and crawford s. Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity hotspot. Consider the state of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience of monmouthshire and identify relevant habitats and species of principal importance for nature conservation. In addition, expansion of that effort to socialecological systems has begun the process of identifying changes to the social system necessary to foster resilience in an ecological system such as the use of adaptive management and integrated ecosystem management.
Biodiversity is important not only for the variety of beautiful and interesting species it offers us, but it is also very important and vital to the stability of an ecosystem and our entire planet. Our models demonstrate that positive biodiversity effects become more critical with a higher level of sedimentation stress, and show that effective ecosystem management for resilience requires. Under the pulse set scenarios, we explored the resilience of nine ecosystem services and four biodiversity measures following a oneoff disturbance applied to an increasing percentage of forest area. Chapter 2 introduced the concept of ecosystem services and outlined an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment for events such as the deepwater horizon dwh oil spill. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions. Resilience is a key underpinning principle of biodiversity strategies at all levels of government. In particular, we focus on the role of biodiversity in the renewal and reorganization of ecosystems after disturbancewhat has been referred to as the backloop of the adaptive cycle of ecosystem development holling 1986. At present, the development of engineered infrastructures is favoured whereas complementary or alternative solutions to increase the resilience of socialecological systems with respect to salinity intrusion exist.
Bullock1 the composition of species communities is changing rapidly through drivers such as habitat loss and climate change, with potentially serious consequences for the resilience of. His purpose was to describe models of change in the structure and function of ecological systems. Regime shifts and resilience in chinas coastal ecosystems. Abstract ecologists have made great strides in developing criteria for describing the resilience of an ecological system. Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions tom 2 h. Ecosystem services and resilience esr is a crosscutting core theme within wle that focuses on the role of ecosystem service based approaches in building community resilience and helping wle achieve its development outcomes. However, the definition of resilience in most strategies and policies is still relatively ambiguous, and needs to be more clearly quantified and articulated so that the success of these strategies can be measured. These include regeneration of coastal ecosystems, agronomic measures, upstream flow control and shifts in agroecosystems.
Human action is transforming the biota, chemistry and temperature of the worlds oceans at unprecedented rates. Regime shifts, resilience and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Ecological resilience refers to the ability of an ecosystem to maintain key functions and processes in the face of stresses or pressures, by resisting and then adapting to change. Perspectives for ecosystem management based on ecosystem. Human activities that adversely affect ecosystem resilience such as reduction of biodiversity, exploitation of natural resources, pollution, land use, and anthropogenic climate change are increasingly causing regime shifts in ecosystems, often to less desirable and degraded conditions. We hope that it will inspire further learning, and the further application of ecosystembased responses to climate change. Finally, the paper concludes that management of biodiversity and natural ecosystem has great role in reducing the greenhouse gas from the atmosphere to mitigate climate change. Perspectives for ecosystem management based on ecosystem resilience and ecological thresholds against multiple and stochastic disturbances. Trends in this index also provide a sentinel of both abrupt and gradual transitions in ecosystems. Much ecosystem monitoring and management is focused on the provision of ecosystem functions and services under current environmental conditions, yet this could lead to inappropriate management guidance and undervaluation of the importance of biodiversity.
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